两种弧菌对菲律宾蛤仔代谢途径影响的比较研究

采用基于核磁共振波谱技术的代谢组学技术,探索菲律宾蛤仔在受到鳗弧菌和灿烂弧菌感染的代谢物变化特征,构建菲律宾蛤仔对弧菌感染后的代谢网络调控图谱,并比较两种弧菌毒性效应的差异。试验结果表明,3种代谢物葡萄糖、谷氨酸、苏氨酸在两种弧菌感染时均发生了变化,表征鳗弧菌感染的代谢物为牛磺酸、精氨酸、酪氨酸、苯丙氨酸、赖氨酸、亮氨酸、异亮氨酸、缬氨酸;而表征灿烂弧菌污染的代谢物为甜菜碱、二甲基甘氨酸、胆碱、谷氨酸、亚牛磺酸。     

诺氟沙星在菲律宾蛤仔、海湾扇贝体内的残留和消除规律研究

首次报道了诺氟沙星在菲律宾蛤仔和海湾扇贝体内的残留和消除规律.在水温为(20 ±1) ℃的条件下,菲律宾蛤仔和海湾扇贝的混养系统中,以50 mg/L剂量连续10 d投喂诺氟沙星,取鳃、内脏团、闭壳肌等组织,进行反相高效液相色谱法测定其浓度.结果表明:诺氟沙星在3种组织中消除速率快慢不一,鳃为诺氟沙星残留的靶组织.其在菲...     

Evaluation of lipid spray beads for the delivery of water-soluble materials to a marine suspension-feeder, the Manila clam Tapes philippinarum (Deshayes 1853)

We describe the development and evaluation of a new microparticle for delivering low-molecular weight, water-soluble materials to suspension feeders. Spray beads successfully incorporated materials dissolved in an aqueous phase or as dry particulate, within a triacylglyceride bead composed of tripalmitin, 600 mg g⁻¹ tripalmitin/400 mg g⁻¹ triolein, or 600 mg g⁻¹ tripalmitin/400 mg g⁻¹ fish oil.
Riboflavin was successfully incorporated (up to 44 mg g⁻¹ lipid) and retained (up to 98% over 24 h in seawater) as dry particles in all three mixtures of lipid. Aqueous oxytetracycline hydrochloride or polymeric dye were incorporated (45.6 mg g⁻¹ lipid and 18.1 mg g⁻¹ lipid, respectively) and retained best (99% and 94%, respectively) in spray beads composed of tripalmitin. The addition of triolein or fish oil to the lipid bead reduced incorporation and retention efficiencies for aqueous core materials by up to 75%.
Manila clam seed readily ingested and digested lipid microparticles, spray beads and lipid-walled microcapsules. Microparticles composed of tripalmitin were excreted with their payloads intact. Intact microparticles composed of 600 mg g⁻¹ tripalmitin/400 mg g⁻¹ fish oil were largely absent in faecal strands suggesting successful release and delivery of microparticle contents to clams.
Spray beads composed of tripalmitin softened with 400 mg g⁻¹ fish oil represent an effective microparticle type for delivering low-molecular weight, water-soluble materials to aquatic suspension feeders.     

The effect of temperature on the energy budget of the Manila clam, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Ruditapes philippinarum</Emphasis>

In this study, the energy budget of the Manila clam, Ruditapes philippinarum, was evaluated after one-week acclimation periods at 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25°C. Small clams (151 ± 12 mg DW) and large clams (353 ± 16 mg DW) were fed with the microalgae, Isochrysis galbana. Filtration rate, ingestion rate, assimilation efficiency, oxygen-consumption rate, and ammonia excretion rate were measured. Both filtration rate and ingestion rate of small and large clams were found to be related to temperature. The highest Q ₁₀ values were measured in the range 15–20°C for both small and large clams. Assimilation efficiency of both small and large clams was not significantly influenced by temperature, although the maximum mean values were detected at 20°C. Oxygen consumption rate and ammonia excretion rate of small and large clams were found to be related directly to temperature over the entire range, with a maximum being detected at 25°C. The highest Q ₁₀ value was estimated in the range 10–15°C with regard to oxygen consumption rate, and in the range of 15–20°C with regard to ammonia excretion rate. Scope for growth (SFG) was positive at all temperatures, achieving a maximum value at 20°C in both small and large clams, primarily as a consequence of the enhanced ingestion rate which offset the concomitant elevation in the metabolic rate. In this study we have estimated the thermal optimum for this species at 20°C.     

不同壳色菲律宾蛤仔品系间的双列杂交

于2006年秋,以"海洋红"(R)、白蛤(W)、斑马蛤(Z)为材料,开展了不同壳色菲律宾蛤仔品系间3×3的双列杂交.实验由3个自交组R×R、W×W、Z×Z和3个杂交组R×Z、W×Z、W×R,即6个正反交RZ、ZR、WZ、ZW、WR、RW组成,研究了子一代在不同阶段生长、变态、存活的杂种优势及壳色遗传机制.结果表明,在不同阶段,不同杂交组合的杂种优势表现程度不同.浮游期间,各杂交组幼虫生长优势(Hg)随着日龄而增大,存活优势(Hs)与日龄几乎无相关性,其值分别为Hg=6.20±2.43,Hs=14.83±0.28.W×Z杂交组合表现出明显的杂种优势,其值分别为Hg w×z=8.50±2.79,Hs w×z=20.59±0.98, 与R×Z、W×R杂交组差异显著(P ＜0.05).杂交有效地提高了变态率,缩短了变态时间;变态率的杂种优势为Hm=15.84,平均缩短变态时间2d.室内培育期间,刚刚完成变态的稚贝很快表现出生长优势,而后一段时间才表现出存活优势,其值分别为Hg=8.98±2.91,Hs=8.11±8.18;W×Z杂交组合的杂种优势为Hg w×z=15.93±6.47、Hs w×z=8.78±8.76,Hg w×z与R×Z、W×R杂交组差异显著(P ＜0.05),Hs w×z与W×R杂交组差异显著(P ＜0.05).养成期间,幼贝的杂种优势分别为Hg=12.77±1.20,Hs=49.85±1.93;W×Z杂交组合的杂种优势分别为Hg w×z=20.92±1.98,Hs w×z=61.60±1.38,与其它杂交组的显著性差异程度与稚贝期相同.从总体水平上分析,幼虫、稚贝、幼贝生长速度的杂种优势分别为15.06、17.40、15.77,彼此间无显著性差异(P ＞0.05);综合各阶段的杂种优势,3个杂交组的杂种优势大小顺次为:W×Z＞R×Z＞W×R.R×Z、W×Z、W×R的子一代的壳色分别表现为:红斑马、白斑马(左壳背部有一条深色条带)、中红(左壳背部有一条深色条带),且正反交的壳色表现一致,说明壳色表现形式与性别无关,为非伴性遗传.     

菲律宾蛤仔2个壳色品系群体杂交的研究

于2007年10月，以F1代海洋红（R）和斑马蛤（Z）为材料，开展了2个壳色菲律宾蛤仔（Ruditapes philippinarum）品系的群体杂交。试验由RR（R♀×R♂）、ZZ（Z♀×Z♂）、RZ（R♀×Z♂）和ZR（Z♀×R♂）组成。结果表明，2个壳色品系亲贝壳长、重量和产卵量差异显著（P〈0．05）。各试验组卵径、受精率和D形幼虫大小元显著差异（P〉0．05），但杂交组孵化率显著高于相应对照组（P〈0．05）。浮游期间幼虫未表现出明显的生长优势，但表现出一定的存活优势。RZ和ZR的生长优势平均值分别为（1．63±0．81）％和（2．58±0．67）％；生长速度分别为（8．64±0．32）和（8．67±0．31）μm·d^-1，显著高于相应对照组（P〈0．05）；存活优势分别为（10．30±1．92）％和（16．30±1．04）％。室内培育期间稚贝表现出明显的生长、存活优势。RZ、ZR的生长优势平均值分别为（11．25±2．98）％和（20．31±2．10）％；生长速度分别为（9．88±1．45）和（10．79±1．32）μm·d^-1，显著高于相应对照组（P〈0．05），存活优势分别为（40．85±9．90）％和（57．08±11．98）％。     

仿刺参与虾夷马粪海胆和菲律宾蛤仔混养效果的初步研究

水温13.8～20.0℃下,在容积50 L的塑料水槽中,放养体质量为(1.4±0.6)g的虾夷马粪海胆(Strongylocentrotus intermedius)11个,过量投喂海带(Laminaria japonica),再分别混养体质量为(3.4±0.6)g的仿刺参(Apostichopusjaponicus)0(A组)、3(B组)、5(C组)和10个(D组),体质量为(12.4±1.7)g的菲律宾蛤仔(Ruditapes philippim2rum)6个,排出水培养底栖硅藻和石纯(Ulva lactuca),用底栖硅藻饲喂仿刺参.77 d的饲养表明,仿刺参和海胆的成活率差异不显著(P>0.05),但混养组海胆的特定生长率(SGR)显著高于单养组(P<0.05),B、C和D组海胆的SGR分别比单养高9.12%、7.24%和10.06%,各混养组间差异不显著(P>0.05);混养海胆的饲料系数(7.28～7.70)分别显著低于单养(9.12)(P<0.05)组20.2%、15.5%和18.0%.将刺参的产量计算在内,B、C和D组海胆的饲料系数分别比对照组降低31.5%、26.8%和16.0%,但混养组间差异不显著(P>0.05).海胆和仿刺参的适宜混养比例为11:3.蛤仔和石纯生长慢,死亡率高.养殖排水培养的底栖硅藻以菱形藻(Nitzschia sp.)和卵形藻(Cocameissp.)为主,少量舟形藻(Navicula sp.).混养海胆性腺中亚麻酸、EPA DHA含量和n-3/n-6比值显著大于单养组(P<0.05),混养池水中氨氮含量低而稳,溶氧量高.     

开阔型港湾紫菜埕地轮养菲律宾蛤仔的研究

利用开阔型港湾紫菜养殖埕地空闲季节，进行小型试验并指标大面积轮养菲律宾蛤仔，选择含沙星８０％－９０％的沙泥稳定底质，海水比重１．０１６－１．０２２，大潮干露２－４小时，流速８０－１００厘米／秒，饵料丰富的海区，１－２月份播种壳长２．０－２．２厘米的一龄大蛤苗，密度１０００个／米＾２。     

3种滩涂贝类稚贝附着基和多层附苗技术的初步研究

2002年3～8月对菲律宾蛤仔Ruditapesphilippinarum、青蛤Cyclinasinensis和硬壳蛤Mercenariamercenaria3种滩涂贝类的变态附着基和多层附苗技术进行了试验研究。附着基分别采用黑色波纹板、透明波纹板、筛绢、塑料薄膜、扇贝养成笼托盘、扇贝网片和细砂7种。结果表明,不同附着基间的贝类幼虫附着变态效果差异极显著(p<0 01),波纹板(黑色和透明)和塑料薄膜是3种滩涂贝类的适宜附着基,幼虫的变态率最高。采用多层结构的附着基附苗(多层附苗技术)效果均优于细砂(p<0 05),用多层附着基可以提高单位水体附着面积和出苗量,单位水体附着面积扩大了2 17～2 75倍,单位水体出苗量提高了1 19～4 30倍。此外,于7月8日至8月24日以透明波纹板为附着基,采用多层附苗技术对硬壳蛤幼虫附着变态进行了中试,稚贝的变态率达66 7%,生长速度为90 09μm/d,变态后49d的成活率达90%以上,室内培育的稚贝平均壳长达4 62mm,数量约1000万枚。     

颗粒浓度对文蛤、硬壳蛤和菲律宾蛤仔保留效率的影响

本研究通过在养殖水体中添加底泥或单胞藻调节悬浮颗粒浓度,研究了悬浮物数量浓度和质量浓度变化对文蛤(Meretrix meretrix)、硬壳蛤(Mercenaria mercenaria)和菲律宾蛤仔(Ruditapes philippinarum)保留效率的影响。结果显示,文蛤、硬壳蛤及菲律宾蛤仔的保留效率分别在粒径为8、6和6 μm时达到最大值,分别为51.1%、59.6%和62.6%。随着数量浓度的增加,文蛤在低(4.32× 107 cells/L)、中(5.27×107 cells/L)、高(6.65×107 cells/L) 3个数量浓度下保留效率达到最大值时的最小粒径逐渐增大,分别为9、13和14 μm,保留效率最大值分别降至49.7%、33.4%和26.2%;与文蛤相似,菲律宾蛤仔保留效率达到最大值时的最小粒径也分别增大至9、12和14 μm,但最大保留值无明显变化;硬壳蛤保留效率的最大值保持不变,但达到最大值时的最小粒径略有增大,分别为8、9和10 μm。随质量浓度的增加,文蛤和菲律宾蛤仔在低(5.7 mg/L)、中(11.8 mg/L)、高(23.3 mg/L) 3个质量浓度下的保留效率最大值和达到最大值时的最小粒径均无明显变化;硬壳蛤保留效率最大值显著降低,分别为60.7%、27.6%和25.5%,但保留效率达到最大值时的最小粒径保持不变。研究表明,文蛤和菲律宾蛤仔的保留效率对食物颗粒数量浓度变化更敏感,而硬壳蛤的保留效率受质量浓度变化影响较大。